On this page, you will find:
To find organisations working for LGBTQI+ rights, visit our Egypt LGBTQI+ Resources page.
For Egypt country of origin information (COI) experts, reports, commentaries, and relevant documents visit our Egypt COI page.
Refugee protection
Click here to see the numbers and origins of refugees hosted by Egypt.
The following sections contain information on the most important international treaties and agreements of which Egypt is signatory, as well as national legislation relevant to the protection of refugees.
Egypt is a state party to several international and regional instruments for refugee protection:
- 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (the Convention), which provides the internationally recognised definition of a refugee and outlines the legal protection, rights, and assistance a refugee is entitled to receive. However, Egypt has reservations to Articles 12, 20, 22, 23, and 24:
- Article 12 conflicts with Article 25 of the Egyptian Civil Code, stipulating that the personal status of a refugee is determined by the laws of the refugee’s country of origin.
- Reservations for Articles 20, 22, 23, and 24 stem from Egypt’s objections to refugees being granted equal rights and access as its citizens to:
- rationing (as outlined in Article 20);
- elementary education (as outlined in Article 22(1);
- public relief (as outlined in Article 23); and
- protections offered by labour legislation and social security (as outlined in Article 24).
- 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, which expanded the Convention to apply universally and protect all persons fleeing conflict and persecution.
- 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, which established a framework for the international protection of stateless persons.
- 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, which established a regional framework for refugee protection in Africa.
Egypt has also ratified several other international legal instruments that could concern refugees and asylum seekers, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (CMW), the Convention Against Torture (CAT), the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights, and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child.
In addition to its obligations under the aforementioned international instruments, Egypt is obligated to respect the international customary legal principle of non-refoulement, which prohibits any country from deporting any person to a country where they face the threat of persecution.
As of March 2025, Egypt hosts approximately 900,000 registered refugees and asylum seekers, of whom Sudanese and Syrian are the top nationalities. The outbreak of both the Syrian Civil War in 2011 and the armed conflict in Sudan in April 2023 has resulted in Egypt hosting the highest number of registered refugees and asylum seekers to date. According to UNHCR data on registered refugees, as of 31 January 2025, there are upwards of 630,900 Sudanese, 144,500 Syrians, 46,400 South Sudanese, 39,700 Eritreans, 18,000 Ethiopians, 8,100 Yemenis, 7,900 Somalis, and 4,200 Iraqis, in addition to refugees from more than 50 other nationalities.
Since October 2023, Egypt has also experienced an influx of Palestinian asylum seekers fleeing Israel’s ongoing offensive on the Gaza Strip. As of June 2024, the Palestinian Authority estimated that over 115,000 people had crossed the border with Egypt as a result of the conflict. Up-to-date and fully accurate figures are unclear; as Egypt is not a member of the UNRWA, exact statistics are not available. However, the number of Palestinian asylum seekers has been limited by the closure of the Rafah border crossing in May 2024, effectively preventing many displaced Palestinians from entering Egyptian territory. In January 2025, however, the Egyptian government began permitting periodic border crossings for Palestinians in need of urgent medical treatment.
For the latest information on refugee trends, please visit this link.
In addition to the international legal instruments outlined above, several domestic legal frameworks also impact the rights and protection of refugees and asylum seekers in Egypt. The right to seek asylum is governed by Article 91 of the Egyptian Constitution. While the Egyptian Constitution does not expressly prohibit refoulement, Article 91 prevents the extradition of political refugees.
International and domestic civil society organisations have repeatedly expressed concern about the rate at which asylum seekers and other migrants are subject to detention. For specific reports on deportation practices and other related security issues, please visit the Refugees Platform in Egypt. The site also serves as a portal for legal information and advice for refugees in Egypt. For information on detention practices in Egypt, you may refer to the Egypt profile on the Global Detention Project website.
Until November 2024, Egypt lacked any unique domestic legislation outlining the assessment of asylum requests, and the Egyptian government did not have specific mechanisms for granting asylum or recognising refugees in the country. Instead, Refugee Status Determination (RSD) was outsourced to UNHCR. As stipulated in the 1954 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between Egypt and UNHCR, RSD is the sole responsibility of UNHCR. The MoU further assigns UNHCR a mandate to manage refugee protection throughout the country. The Government of Egypt allows refugees and asylum seekers registered with UNHCR to regularise their residency and renew residence permits.
Notably, however, the Egyptian government has taken steps to assume some of the responsibilities related to asylum requests and RSD from UNHCR. On 16 December 2024, President al-Sisi signed the ‘Law Regarding the Asylum of Foreigners’ into law. The new law aims to shift the responsibilities of UNHCR to its new Permanent Committee for Refugee Affairs. This Committee would also ensure the provision of support and services to refugees and cooperate with UNHCR.
Several human rights organisations have warned that this legislation fails to adequately protect the rights of refugees and asylum seekers outlined in international and regional instruments to which Egypt is a signatory. Notably, the ‘Law Regarding the Asylum of Foreigners’ criminalises irregular migration, requiring asylum seekers to submit asylum requests within 45 days of arriving in Egypt. Failure to do so could result in criminal charges, leading to fines or imprisonment, contrary to Article 31 of the UN Refugee Convention.
Notably, however, as of February 2025, the UNHCR has reported that it is still functionally responsible for all RSD-related procedures in Egypt. The 2025 AIDA report on Egypt, published in June 2025, notes that asylum laws are still in a transitional state as they begin to assume responsibility for asylum procedure and protection.
- UNHCR Registration and Applying for Asylum
Please note that asylum seekers are not able to apply for asylum at an airport or border crossing; in practice, those who attempt to do so are denied entry and summarily returned to their country of origin. Applying for asylum after crossing through maritime borders is also functionally impossible. As such, there is no mechanism allowing asylum seekers to request asylum immediately upon entering Egyptian territory. As of 2025, the majority of asylum seekers are only able to request asylum after they have entered the country irregularly or on another type of visa.
If you are already in Egypt and wish to apply for asylum, you must first book an appointment to register with the UNHCR. This can be done by either:
1) calling them at +20 (0)2 2739 0400 (from Sunday through Wednesday, 8:15 a.m. to 3:00 p.m., and on Thursdays until noon);
2) booking in person at the UNHCR office in 6th of October City in Cairo (located at 17 Mecca Street, 7th District), or;
3) register through the UNHCR’s Online Portal (please note that this is currently only accessible for asylum seekers of Sudanese origin).
After the request is submitted, UNHCR will send you a text message confirming the interview details, including your case number, date, time, and location. Please note that it can take up to two weeks to receive an appointment for your interview after registration. The wait periods range significantly depending on the volume of applicants, and asylum seekers may be given appointments between four and six months after initial registration.
- Processing Asylum Application and Interviews
As part of the application process, you will be required to attend an appointment in which you must present your documents to the UNHCR staff and partake in an interview. Accordingly, applicants for international protection must bring all relevant documents, such as passports or national IDs. All family members listed under the file must attend the interview to complete identity verification and biometric enrollment. You are entitled to be accompanied by legal representation during this appointment; however, neither the UNHCR nor the government are obligated to provide free legal counsel to asylum seekers during this process.
During the interview, your personal data is reviewed and verified. UNHCR staff will take fingerprints, iris scans, and a photo to build a secure digital identity. If the UNHCR determines that a follow-up interview is required, the applicant is notified via SMS, and you can also check your appointment details on the RSD Information Website.
After the interview, you will receive a document relevant to your case status, indicating that you have temporary protection and can thus not be deported from the country until a decision about your application is finalised. If the applicant cannot provide sufficient proof of identity at the interview, they are issued a White Certificate valid for six months. Asylum seekers whose identities have been confirmed will instead receive a Yellow Certificate valid for 18 months of international protection.
If you receive a Yellow Certificate, you must take it to the Egyptian Immigration and Passport office to obtain a valid residence permit that reflects your status as an asylum seeker; failure to do so may result in deportation. You will be provided with a reference number – known as an MFA number – along with an appointment date to approach the Residency Office of the Passports and Immigration Administration. You can acquire this information directly after your interview at UNHCR Offices, or by contacting the UNHCR’s Infoline at a later time. If you contact the Infoline, an agent will communicate the appointment over the phone and send it via SMS on the following day to the phone number registered on your file.
Please take the following documents and items with you to your appointment with the Egyptian Passport and Immigration Authority:
- Your UNHCR Yellow Card, listing you and your family members applying for asylum;
- Your reference number from the UNHCR office;
- Your current passport and the passports of your family members;
- A completed residency permit application (this must be obtained from the Egyptian Passport and Immigration Office)
- Permit processing fees of 100 EGP for each family member aged 12 and above
After doing so, the officer in charge will provide you with another appointment to pick up your permits.
Wait times between attending interviews, receiving both the UNHCR’s decision and one’s permits vary considerably depending on the complexity of each case. Accordingly, the UNHCR provides no estimates for the processing times of applications more generally, and stresses that significant delays are often common. Egyptian NGOs indicate that, in practice, it can take up to six months to receive your permit after your UNHCR interview is complete.
- Outcome of Application
Notifications about finalised decisions are either sent remotely by SMS or communicated via a phone call. The UNHCR will provide your decision either remotely through its Signal Application, or schedule an appointment for you to pick up your decision in person. If you are required to collect the decision in person, you must present UNHCR reception staff with either your Yellow or White certificate and your identification documents (such as a passport, national identity card, or driver’s license).
Positive Decisions
If you are recognised as a refugee, you and your dependents will be provided with a UNHCR refugee certificate (also known as a Blue Certificate). This certificate entitles you to international protection from the Egyptian State for three years. As with your Yellow Card, you must make an appointment with the Residency Office of the Passports and Immigration Administration to get a new government-issued residency permit that reflects your status as a recognised refugee.
Negative Decisions
If you receive a negative decision, the UNHCR provides a mechanism to submit an appeal. You have the right to submit an appeal or request for reconsideration to the UNHCR office within a specified period, typically 30 days from the date of receiving the rejection notice. To submit an appeal, the applicant must fill out the designated form. The decision will provide you with information regarding where to submit your appeal request, and how to fill out the form in detail.
If the appeal is successful, the rejection decision is overturned, and you will be granted a Blue Card. If the appeal is denied, your file will be permanently closed.
Please note that UNHCR is not part of Egypt’s administrative or judicial system. Therefore, a rejected asylum seeker, or even a recognised refugee who has had their status withdrawn, cannot file a legal case against UNHCR in Egyptian courts to challenge the decision.
Legal aid organisations
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Cairo Office: 2 Hussien El Maamar Street, Crossing Mahmoud Basyouni, Third Floor, Downtown, Cairo
Tel: +20 (0)10 9889 5588 / +20 (0)12 2221 0534
Alexandria Office: #22, First Floor, Moharem Bek, Alexandria
Tel: +20 (0)10 1172 2876 / +20 (0)10 9889 5589
Hotline for Detention Cases (24/7): +20 (0)12 7202 0938
Email: info@efrr-egypt.org
Contact Person: Mohamed Bayoumi, bayoumi.mohamed@yahoo.com
Working Hours: Sunday – Thursday, 9:00 AM – 5:00 PM
EFRR has been a Non-Governmental Organisation since mid-2008. EFRR currently provides legal assistance to refugees and migrants who are: in detention, victims of crime (both from private individuals and public officials), facing deportation, and who require legal advice on housing and employment matters.
Website
Address: 47C Abu El-Feda Street, Zamalek, Cairo
Tel: +20 (0)2 2736 5140/1
Email: egyptmpainquiries@iom.int
Migrant Protection and Assistance Hotline: Tel: +20 (0)2 2322 9930
Working Hours: Sunday – Thursday, 9:00 AM– 12:00 PM
IOM Registration: Tel: 010 3339 8239
Working Hours: Sunday – Wednesday, 1:00 PM – 3:00 PM
IOM Egypt offers a range of assistance services to migrants, including medical support, socio-economic assistance, cash aid, mental health and psychosocial support, legal services, and educational support. Click here for more information on IOM Egypt’s services.
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Email: info@rpegy.org
RPE is an independent organisation established in late 2019, focusing on advocating for the rights of refugees, asylum seekers, displaced persons, migrants, and irregular migrants in Egypt. RPE provides legal aid and protection, supports strategic litigation, and ensures fair trial standards for those facing human rights violations. It also monitors policies and practices, analysing developments to propose alternative rights-based solutions.
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Address: 38, July 26 Street, Downtown, Cairo
Tel: +20 (0)2 2575 9451; +20 (0)10 5022 7388
Email: info@stars-egypt.org
Contact Person: Ibrahim Abousenna, Legal Director, iabousenna@stars-egypt.org
Working Hours: Sunday – Thursday, 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM
Legal Counselling for Remote RSD Interviews:
Arabic, English, Oromo, Amharic, Somali: +20 (0)10 2984 2820
Working Hours: Sunday – Thursday, 9:00 AM – 5:00 PM
Education Services:
Childhood Education: +20 (0)10 3331 5544
Adult Learners: +20 (0)10 9068 6538
St Andrew’s Refugee Services provides information, counselling, legal representation, and advocacy for asylum seekers and refugees in Egypt. Their legal team works to help individuals and communities understand their rights and responsibilities within the law, to identify and assist refugees with serious and urgent needs, and to support refugees through UNHCR processes, including RSD, protection, and resettlement.
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Address: Street 105, Building 114, 3rd floor, Flat 8, Hadayeq El-Maadi
Tel: +20 (0)11 5452 6171
Email: ul.unitedlawyers@gmail.com
Working Hours: Saturday – Thursday, 10:00 AM – 6:00 PM
United Lawyers provides legal assistance to refugees and asylum seekers. Their services include helping with obtaining documents like birth (including for children born as a result of gender-based violence), marriage, and divorce certificates, and representing refugees in front of authorities and courts. They also offer legal consultations, training courses, and awareness sessions.
Organisations providing other support to refugees
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Address: 25 Asmaa Fahmy Street, Nasr City, Cairo, 11586
Tel: +20 (0)22 2417 1953/93/73
Working Hours: Sunday – Thursday, 9:00 AM– 5:00 PM
Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Cairo Helplines: +20 (0)10 2885 9777 / +20 (0)10 2885 9666 / +20 (0)11 2048 6354
GBV Alexandria Helplines: +20 (0)12 7642 9307 / +20 (0)11 4607 7273 / +20 (0)11 4447 0800
Emergency Overnight Hotline: +20 (0)11 5701 6486 (Weekdays: 5:00 PM – 9:00 AM, Weekends: All Day)
Other Addresses:
Maadi Facility: Villa 26, Street 262, Al-Gazayer Square
6th of October Safe Space: Building 22, 1st Neighbourhood, 1st District, 6th October, Greater Cairo
Faisal Safe Space: 11 Sehab Street, Off Ahmed Kamel Street, Beginning of Faisal Street, 1st Floor
CEF is an Egyptian Non-Governmental Organisation dedicated to promoting economic opportunities, expanding access to education, and fostering social inclusion. CEF works to advance gender equality, empower women, and support youth development across communities in Egypt. They provide legal and psychosocial support, group therapy, and individual case management of survivors of Gender-Based Violence.
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Email: egypt@global.crs.org
Address: Building 33, Street 106, Hadyek El-Maadi
Tel: General +20 (0)12 8500 3114 / +20 (0)10 3049 9923
Complaints: +20 (0)10 0056 4747
Education Advising: +20 (0)10 6934 1111
Working hours: Sunday – Thursday, 9:00 AM – 3:00 PM
CRS Egypt supports vulnerable communities, particularly refugees, by enhancing economic opportunities and access to health services. They promote better access to essential services, including clean water and sanitation. CRS also works to reduce poverty and improve social cohesion through interfaith programmes, community building, and education.
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Address: 27 Al Quds Street, Mohandessin, Giza
Tel: +20 (0)12 2221 3181
Working Hours: 9:00 AM – 5:00 PM
The Médecins Sans Frontières clinic in Giza provides prenatal and postnatal medical care and psychological services for survivors of Gender Based Violence.
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Address:
Main office: Manteqet Al Cinema, Madinet Nasr, Cairo
New Maadi: 8 Street 263
Nasr City: 26 Tayaran Street, First Floor, Apartment 1, Rabaa Al-Adawiya, First District
Fifth Settlement: 595 Al Narges Buildings. First floor in Front of Fatima Al Sharbatly Mosque
Sheikh Zayed: Rawdat Al Mohandesin Compound, Zayed View Building (Second Entrance), Seventh District, First Neighbourhood, Plot 158
Dokki: 21 Jaber Ibn Hayyan Street, Off Dokki Street
Alexandria: 276 Abdel Salam Aref, Sidi Bishr
Sohag: 4 El Gomhoureya Street, in front of the Rowing Club
Email: info@mersal-ngo.org
Working Hours: Main office, Friday, 9:00 AM – 9:00 PM. Sohag Branch, Sunday – Thursday, 8:00 AM – 9:00 PM
Tel: +20 (0)12 0000 2870
Hotline: +20 (0)2 2120 6845
Sohag Branch: +20 (0)10 0481 4487
Mersal Foundation is an Egyptian charitable organisation that provides a variety of medical services to those in need, ensuring that patients receive necessary healthcare without financial barriers. Its activities include cancer treatment, providing incubators and intensive care, organising medical convoys, supporting patients with rare diseases, and offering accommodation for patients and their families. The foundation also provides food assistance and ongoing support for individuals with chronic conditions. Mersal Foundation is a partner of the UNHCR in Egypt.
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Main office: Building 14 B, USAID Street, Off El Laselky Street, New Maadi, Cairo
Cleopatra: 12 Mahmoud El-Tourini Street, Above Hamed El-Kayyal Kidney Centre, in Front of Cleopatra Al-Soghra Tram Station
Agamy: El-Eman Tower, 5 Mohamed Mansour Street, Off Main Hanouviel Street
Tel: +20 (0)2 2524 7369 / +20 (0)2 2524 5764 / +20 (0)2 2524 7382 / +20 (0)10 2502 9995
Case Management and Child Protection Services: +20 (0)10 0133 0644
Emergency Housing for Child Protection (24/7): +20 (0)10 6455 1183
Email: egypt.co@plan-international.org
Plan International Egypt is a development and humanitarian organisation that works to promote children’s rights and gender equality for girls while providing support for refugees in Egypt. Its activities focus on education, child protection, youth economic empowerment, health, and humanitarian aid. The organisation offers programs to support refugees, including improved access to education, protection from Gender-Based Violence, and livelihood enhancement. It aims to ensure a safe environment for children and refugees while improving living conditions for the most vulnerable groups in Egyptian society.
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Protection Services: Home and community-based support for children at risk.
Tel: +20 (0)11 1086 6333 / +20 (0)11 2777 7005
24/7 Housing Helpline: Support to combat homelessness by securing safe housing.
Tel: +20 (0)12 0094 4111. Sunday – Thursday, 10:00 AM – 2:00 PM
24/7 Health Services: Assistance from medical professionals to access emergency and elective healthcare.
Tel: +20 (0)11 2777 7404
24/7 Mental Health & Psychosocial Services: Mental health and psychosocial support services.
Emergency Helpline: +20 (0)11 1086 6333
Referrals: +20 (0)11 2777 7404
Information: +20 (0)11 2777 7005
PSTIC is a network of professionals committed to assisting refugees and asylum seekers with mental health and psychosocial issues in Egypt. PSTIC is a Terre des Hommes (TDH) programme. For contact information regarding specific services, please see below.
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Address: 5 Michel Lotfallah Street, P.O. Box 87, Zamalek, 11211, Cairo
Tel: +20 (0)2 2736 4837
Email: info@refuge-egypt.org
Zamalek All Saints Cathedral Clinic: 5 Michel Lotfallah Street (Behind Marriott Hotel), Zamalek, 11211, Cairo
Tel: +20 (0)12 7204 0710. Psychological Support Hotline: +20 (0)12 1197 0032
Working Hours: Monday – Thursday & Saturday, 8:00 AM – 3:00 PM
Nasr City: Supply Office Building ”Maktab El Tamween”, Street Market, 10th District
Tel: +20 (0)12 1197 0028. Emergency: +20 (0)12 8211 2011
Working Hours: Tuesday & Wednesday, 8:00 AM – 2:00 PM
6th of October City Clinic: 48 El Mehwar El Markazi Street, Episcopal Church, 10th District
Tel: +20 (0)12 1197 0028. Emergency: +20 (0)12 1197 0037
Working Hours: Sunday – Thursday 8:00 AM – 3:00 PM
Refuge Egypt serves refugees, migrants and asylum seekers living in Egypt who have fled their original country of nationality due to war or disaster, and who have well-founded fears of return due to persecution or loss of rights. Refuge Egypt aims to provide humanitarian assistance, spiritual guidance, and encouragement to help individuals build self-sufficiency and self-respect, ultimately preparing them for repatriation, resettlement, and/or integration into Egyptian society.
Refuge Egypt also provides emergency medical care for GBV survivors who have experienced a rape incident (please call first before approaching the clinic for GBV-related services). They also offer general reproductive health, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS treatment, and services for children under the age of five.
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Address: Main office – Building No.15, Wadi El Nile Street, Off Al Horia Square, Maadi, El Khabiry El Gharbaia
Tel: +20 (0)2 2359 3702
Child Protection Hotline: +20 (0)10 1593 3433
Greater Cairo: +20 (0)10 1963 3966 /+20 (0)10 1958 8995
Alexandria: +20 (0)10 1462 0007 / +20 (0)10 1463 0006 / +20 (0)10 1465 0004 / +20 (0)10 1000 2483 / +20 (0)10 1466 6922
Damietta: +20 (0)10 1116 5822 / +20 (0)10 1264 1119
Al Mohandseen: +20 (0)10 1740 3477
Email: egypt.info@savethechildren.org
Working Hours: Sunday – Thursday, 9:00 AM – 5:00 PM
Save the Children’s Egyptian offices provide support to migrant children and families through quality education, health, protection, child rights governance, youth development, and career services, with gender and mental health and psychosocial support integrated across all programs. It offers services for children at risk and children exposed to abuse, neglect and exploitation, as well as to unaccompanied and separated children.
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Address: 49 Mohamed Ezz El-Arab Street, Mouneera, Cairo
Email: egy.contact@tdh.ch
Working Hours: Sunday – Thursday, 9:00 AM– 5:00 PM
Maadi: 107 Street, Al Rawda Tower, Next to Osman Hospital
Tel: +20 (0)10 2227 3561
Nasr City: 20 Ahmed Hossny Street, Off Ebn El-Haanea El-Andalussi Street and Off Tayaran Street, Beside KFC Tayaran
Tel: +20 (0)10 1699 9797 / +20 (0)10 7099 9076
6th of October: Seventh District, Villa 9, in Front of the 6th of October Sports Club
Tel: +20 (0)10 6161 0825 / +20 (0)10 0025 6482
Al-Bohouth: Property No. 6, Hussain Ahmed Rashad Street, Off Mohi El Din Abu El Ezz, First Floor
Tel: +20 (0)10 7099 2927 / +20 (0)10 7099 9083
Case Management for Persons with Specific Needs: +20 (0)10 7099 2928
TdH Egypt is committed to enhancing the lives of vulnerable children, with a focus on key issues including child protection, education, and healthcare. They work to prevent child exploitation, abuse, and labour, while advocating for children’s rights. The organisation also provides humanitarian aid and supports children affected by conflict and poverty.
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Address: 17th Mekka El Mokrama Street, 3rd Proximity, 7th District, Behind 6th of October Club, 6th of October, Greater Cairo
Tel: +20 (0)2 2728 5600
Email: areca@unhcr.org
Click here for a full UNHCR guide on their work and how to access their services in Egypt.
Egypt LGBTQI+ Resources
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Last updated September 2025
